Mathematical representation of radiality constraint in distribution system reconfiguration problem

Distribution systems are most commonly operated in a radial configuration for a number of reasons. In order to impose radiality constraint in the optimal network reconfiguration problem, an efficient algorithm is introduced in this paper based on graph theory. The paper shows that the normally followed methods of imposing radiality constraint within a mixed-integer programming formulation of the reconfiguration problem may not be sufficient. The minimum-loss network reconfiguration problem is formulated using different ways to impose radiality constraint. It is shown, through simulations, that the formulated problem using the proposed method for representing radiality constraint can be solved more efficiently, as opposed to the previously proposed formulations. This results in up to 30% reduction in CPU time for the test systems used in this study.     

Analysis and decomposition of active and reactive power spot price in deregulated electricity markets

Electricity markets have suffered important modifications in recent decades in many countries, in which a competition framework has been established with the aim of improving market efficiency and reducing energy prices. However, this new paradigm does not assure optimal solutions, as new constraints can be introduced in optimization processes that can affect the resulting prices. An example of this situation is the establishment of power purchase agreements between producers and consumers. A wide literature can be found regarding electricity markets. Some of this literature refers to the theory of spot prices and its application to them. This paper deals with the obtaining, decomposition and deduction of behavior rules of spot prices, and their influence on established contractual relationships in a deregulated market environment which allows power purchase agreements between consumers and producers. It is performed by a deterministic modeling of the complete generation-grid system. The influence of the existence of this kind of agreements on both total costs and spot prices is discussed.     

Rules discovery in fuzzy classifier systems with PSO for scheduling in grid computational infrastructures

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a bio-inspired optimization strategy founded on the movement of particles within swarms. PSO can be encoded in a few lines in most programming languages, it uses only elementary mathematical operations, and it is not costly as regards memory demand and running time. This paper discusses the application of PSO to rules discovery in fuzzy classifier systems (FCSs) instead of the classical genetic approach and it proposes a new strategy, Knowledge Acquisition with Rules as Particles (KARP). In KARP approach every rule is encoded as a particle that moves in the space in order to cooperate in obtaining high quality rule bases and in this way, improving the knowledge and performance of the FCS. The proposed swarm-based strategy is evaluated in a well-known problem of practical importance nowadays where the integration of fuzzy systems is increasingly emerging due to the inherent uncertainty and dynamism of the environment: scheduling in grid distributed computational infrastructures. Simulation results are compared to those of classical genetic learning for fuzzy classifier systems and the greater accuracy and convergence speed of classifier discovery systems using KARP is shown.     

500 kV输电线路耐张线夹钢锚断裂分析

采用宏观检查、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、显微组织观察等方法分析了某500 kV线路耐张线夹钢锚断裂的原因。结果表明, 钢锚断裂的原因主要是压接工艺控制不当, 在第一模部位产生了应力集中;钢锚压接后加工硬化效应明显, 相较压接前钢锚硬度提高了72%, 达到了210HB, 室温冲击韧性降低了58%, 为31 J, 致使钢锚抵御冲击载荷能力降低, 最终在应力集中部位断裂。     

Fe/Si比对稀土处理工业纯铝组织性能的影响

通过添加Si改变稀土处理工业纯铝的Fe/Si比,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针、室温拉伸试验和电导率测试研究了Fe/Si比对稀土处理工业纯铝显微组织、屈服强度以及导电率的影响。结果表明: 随着Fe/Si比增大,铸态合金的屈服强度总体呈下降趋势,导电率逐渐上升; 当Fe/Si比不大于1.00时,晶粒尺寸较小,合金强度较高,导电率较低; 当Fe/Si比大于1.00时,晶粒粗大,合金强度降低,导电率提高; Fe元素主要在晶界和晶内第二相中聚集分布,Si元素呈点状均匀分布,稀土元素容易在第二相上聚集。根据Fe/Si比-强度-导电率性能曲线,可通过添加Si改变工业纯铝的Fe/Si比,实现铝材屈服强度、导电率的良好匹配。     

Electrodeposited Pt nanorods on a novel flowered-like nanostructured NiCo alloy as an electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation

For the first time, a novel system of Pt nanorods supported on nano flowered-like structure NiCo alloy has been successfully electro-synthesized onto a glassy carbon electrode for the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. The electrodeposited system has been characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrocatalytic efficiency of the electro-fabricated system of Pt/NiCo/GCE have been confirmed by cyclic voltammetric (CV) and current-time methods. It is discovered that the electrodeposited nano flowered NiCo alloy substrate has a great effect on the electrocatalytic properties of the electrodeposited Pt nanorods. The electrocatalytic efficiency of the new system for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is found to be 174 A/g_Pt. The effect of electrodeposition time for NiCo alloy has been studied. Also, the effect of pH, temperature, and concentration for the electrodeposition of Pt catalyst on the electrocatalytic properties of the Pt/NiCo/GCE have been studied for detection the optimum conditions. The mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol has been discussed. Furthermore, the stability and the corrosion resistance test of the Pt/NiCo/GCE system have been investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Tafel plot and current-time methods.     

Avoidance of partial load operation at coal-fired power plants by storing nuclear power through power to gas

The need of fast regulation of electricity production leads to a number of inconveniences occurred to the electric generation system and the electric market, especially to the nuclear power. A new concept to control nuclear power production is posed in order to allow the regulation of the electricity sent to the grid. This concept proposes the joint operation of a nuclear power plant, a coal power plant with postcombustion capture and a methanation plant. The cost effectiveness of this technology and its capability to reduce the CO₂ emissions -consumed in the methanation process- are assessed through the design and economic and environmental analysis of a hybrid facility. Mainly due to the increase of the operating hours of the coal-fired power plant, the environmental feasibility of the initial proposal seems to be limited. However, given that benefits are expected in the medium and long-term (2020–2030) for the Power to Gas facility, a future alternative use is proposed. The target of this new alternative configuration will be the storage of CO₂ together with the storage of renewable energy.     

基于格兰杰归因分析的高损台区窃电检测

配电台区中,用户窃电将增大台区线损电量,窃电电量直接对应非技术线损,并与台区线损电量间存在因果关系。分析指出,常见窃电手法中窃电用户的窃电量多与电表计量电量呈正相关关系,这将使得线损电量与窃电用户的计量电量之间存在隐含的因果关系。以此为基础,提出基于格兰杰归因分析的高损台区窃电检测方法。通过协整检验及格兰杰检验分析用户用电量与台区线损时间序列间的长期趋势及格兰杰因果关系,将对台区线损影响突出的用户识别为窃电用户。基于实际高损台区和高损线路用户数据的测试算例和现场稽查验证了所提方法的有效性。     

火力发电厂污泥掺烧技术应用

利用火力发电厂掺烧的方式处置城市污泥是目前公认最具前景的途径。为了考察掺烧污泥时锅炉的燃烧稳定性,本文以2台300 MW容量等级、亚临界蒸汽参数、四角切圆燃烧方式的煤粉炉为试验对象,进行污泥掺烧试验,分别在不同负荷和不同掺烧比例的条件下,对比了炉膛温度、锅炉效率和NOx质量浓度的变化。试验结果显示:随着掺烧污泥比例的增加,炉膛温度下降,NOx质量浓度有所增加;在10%的掺烧比例范围内,锅炉效率无明显变化。本文研究结果可为电厂污泥掺烧技术的发展提供借鉴。     

基于金属网反应器的煤颗粒着火特性研究

为在减弱挥发分与煤焦颗粒二次反应以及煤粉堆积效应的情况下探究不同挥发分煤种和焦颗粒的着火特性,选取了挥发分含量差异较大的1种褐煤和1种烟煤,在自建的金属网反应器系统上进行了着火实验,并与传统的热重实验结果进行了对比。结果表明:挥发分对煤粉着火温度的影响最大,随着挥发分含量的升高,煤粉的着火温度逐渐降低;由于减少了样品的堆积效应以及减弱了升温过程中的挥发分燃烧,金属网上测得的着火温度高于热重所得着火温度,更接近煤粉颗粒的实际着火温度;褐煤的反应性高于烟煤,焦样的着火温度低于原样,但焦样的比表面积和孔容的增大使得其可用于吸附研究。